10–15% of the AP exam. Key topics: Signal transduction pathway stages: reception, transduction, response, Ligand-receptor specificity and signal amplification via second messengers, Types of cell signaling: endocrine (long-distance), paracrine, autocrine, direct contact (juxtacrine), Cell cycle stages: interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitotic phase (mitosis + cytokinesis), Mitosis stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT), Cell cycle checkpoints: G1, G2, and spindle assembly checkpoints, Proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and cancer as uncontrolled cell division, Apoptosis and its role in development and disease prevention.
Study guide content for this unit is being prepared. Check back soon for complete lesson notes, formula sheets, and worked examples.
