12–16% of the AP exam. Key topics: Photosynthesis: light-dependent reactions — photosystems I and II, electron transport chain, ATP synthase, NADPH production, Photosynthesis: Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions) — carbon fixation, G3P production, RuBisCO, Cellular respiration: glycolysis — location (cytoplasm), inputs/outputs, net ATP yield, Cellular respiration: pyruvate oxidation and Krebs cycle — acetyl-CoA entry, CO2 release, NADH/FADH2 production, Cellular respiration: oxidative phosphorylation — electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, ATP yield comparison across aerobic respiration stages, Anaerobic pathways: lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation, Factors affecting rates of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
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