Psychology Study Library.

Heredity and environment: nature vs. nurture, behavior genetics, twin and adoption studies, epigenetics · Nervous system structure: central vs. peripheral, somatic vs. autonomic, sympathetic vs. parasympathetic divisions · Neural communication: neuron anatomy (dendrites, axon, myelin, nodes of Ranvier), action potential, all-or-none law, synaptic transmission · Neurotransmitters and associated disorders: dopamine (reward, Parkinson's), serotonin (mood), acetylcholine (memory), GABA (inhibition), glutamate (excitation), norepinephrine (arousal), endorphins (pain relief) · Brain regions and function: medulla, cerebellum, limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex, lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) · Neuroplasticity and the developing brain · States of consciousness: sleep stages (NREM 1-3, REM), sleep disorders, circadian rhythms, psychoactive drugs

Attention and consciousness: selective attention, inattentional blindness, change blindness · Memory systems: sensory memory, short-term/working memory (Miller's 7±2), long-term memory (explicit: episodic and semantic; implicit: procedural and priming) · Encoding strategies: levels of processing, elaborative rehearsal, chunking, mnemonics · Storage and retrieval: recognition vs. recall, context-dependent memory, state-dependent memory · Forgetting: encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, proactive and retroactive interference, motivated forgetting; Ebbinghaus forgetting curve · Language: Chomsky's universal grammar, Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis · Thinking and problem-solving: algorithms, heuristics, mental sets, functional fixedness, confirmation bias · Intelligence: Spearman's g factor, Gardner's multiple intelligences, Sternberg's triarchic theory, standardization and normal distribution, reliability and validity

Developmental research methods: cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cohort-sequential designs · Physical development: prenatal stages, teratogens, infant reflexes, brain development, puberty, aging · Cognitive development: Piaget's stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational); schemas, assimilation, accommodation, object permanence, conservation · Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and scaffolding · Language development: critical period hypothesis, stages (babbling, one-word, two-word, telegraphic speech) · Social-emotional development: Erikson's 8 stages, Harlow's attachment studies, Ainsworth's strange situation (secure, anxious-avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, disorganized) · Classical conditioning: Pavlov, unconditioned/conditioned stimulus and response, acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination · Operant conditioning: Thorndike's law of effect, Skinner, positive/negative reinforcement and punishment, schedules of reinforcement (fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval) · Observational learning: Bandura's Bobo doll studies, modeling, vicarious reinforcement

Attribution theory: Heider, fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias, actor-observer bias · Attitudes and persuasion: central vs. peripheral route (elaboration likelihood model), cognitive dissonance (Festinger) · Conformity: Asch line studies · Compliance techniques: foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, reciprocity norm · Obedience: Milgram's shock studies · Group dynamics: social facilitation, social loafing, groupthink, deindividuation, group polarization · Prejudice and discrimination: in-group/out-group bias, stereotypes, implicit bias, scapegoat theory, just-world hypothesis · Personality theories: psychoanalytic (Freud — id, ego, superego; defense mechanisms), humanistic (Maslow's hierarchy of needs; Rogers' unconditional positive regard), trait theories (Big Five: OCEAN — Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism), social-cognitive (Bandura's reciprocal determinism, locus of control)

Stress: stressors (life events, daily hassles, catastrophes), cognitive appraisal, physiological stress response, general adaptation syndrome (Selye: alarm, resistance, exhaustion), HPA axis, cortisol, psychoneuroimmunology · Coping: problem-focused vs. emotion-focused coping, resilience, social support, positive psychology (Seligman, Csikszentmihalyi — flow) · Psychological disorders classification: DSM-5-TR, medical model vs. biopsychosocial model, culture-bound syndromes · Anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety, specific phobias, social anxiety, panic disorder, OCD, PTSD · Mood disorders: major depressive disorder (biological and cognitive models), bipolar disorder · Schizophrenia: positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions) and negative symptoms (flat affect, alogia) · Treatment approaches: psychoanalytic, humanistic (client-centered therapy), behavioral (exposure, systematic desensitization), cognitive (CBT, Beck's cognitive triad), biomedical (drug classes: SSRIs, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, benzodiazepines, ECT)