Physics 2: Algebra-
Based Study Library.

Kinetic theory of gases and microscopic model of pressure · Ideal gas law (PV = nRT) · Internal energy and temperature · First law of thermodynamics (ΔU = Q + W or Q − W) · Second law of thermodynamics and entropy · Thermodynamic processes: isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric · PV diagrams: work as area under curve, interpretation of processes · Heat engines and efficiency (e = |W|/|Q_H|) · Carnot efficiency (e_C = 1 − T_C/T_H) · Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation · Thermal equilibrium and zeroth law

Coulomb's law (F = kq₁q₂/r²) · Electric fields from point charges and charge distributions (E = kq/r²) · Superposition principle for electric fields and forces · Electric potential energy (U = qV) · Electric potential (V = kq/r) and the distinction from potential energy · Equipotential surfaces and their relationship to field lines · Capacitors: definition, capacitance (C = Q/V), energy stored · Charge distributions on conductors (surface charge, shielding) · Conductors vs. insulators in electric fields · Gauss's Law (conceptual application)

Ohm's law (V = IR) and resistance · Series and parallel resistor circuits · Equivalent resistance (series: R_eq = R₁ + R₂; parallel: 1/R_eq = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂) · Kirchhoff's current rule (junction rule) · Kirchhoff's voltage rule (loop rule) · Power dissipation (P = IV = I²R = V²/R) · Capacitors in circuits: charge, voltage, and energy · RC circuits: charging and discharging behavior (exponential transients, time constant τ = RC) · Voltmeters and ammeters: ideal behavior and placement in circuits · Internal resistance of batteries

Magnetic fields from current-carrying wires (right-hand curl rule) · Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field (F = qvB sinθ, right-hand rule) · Force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field (F = BIL sinθ) · Right-hand rules: force on charges, force on wires, field direction from current · Circular motion of charged particles in uniform magnetic fields · Magnetic flux (Φ_B = BA cosθ) · Faraday's law of induction (EMF = −ΔΦ_B/Δt) · Lenz's law and direction of induced current · Electromagnetic induction: motional EMF, changing area, changing field · Qualitative understanding of transformers and generators

Law of reflection and plane mirrors · Snell's law of refraction (n₁ sinθ₁ = n₂ sinθ₂) · Total internal reflection and critical angle · Ray diagrams for concave and convex mirrors · Ray diagrams for converging (convex) and diverging (concave) lenses · Thin-lens and mirror equation (1/f = 1/d_o + 1/d_i) · Magnification (m = −d_i/d_o = h_i/h_o) · Real vs. virtual images: location and orientation · Focal length sign conventions for converging vs. diverging optical elements · Multi-lens systems (qualitative and quantitative)

Mechanical waves: transverse and longitudinal · Wave parameters: speed, frequency, wavelength, period (v = fλ) · Wave amplitude and intensity · Standing waves and resonance in strings and open/closed pipes · Harmonics and overtones · Sound waves and the speed of sound · Doppler effect for sound (moving source and/or moving observer) · Superposition principle and wave interference (constructive and destructive) · Young's double-slit interference (mλ = d sinθ) · Single-slit diffraction · Thin-film interference and phase shifts on reflection · Wave-particle duality introduction (light as both wave and particle)

Photoelectric effect and work function (KE_max = hf − φ) · Photon energy (E = hf) and photon momentum (p = h/λ) · Blackbody radiation and Wien's displacement law (qualitative) · Compton scattering (qualitative and quantitative) · Wave-particle duality of light and matter · de Broglie wavelength (λ = h/p) · Bohr model of the hydrogen atom · Atomic energy levels and emission/absorption spectra · Nuclear structure: protons, neutrons, isotopes, binding energy · Radioactive decay: alpha, beta, gamma decay; decay equations · Mass-energy equivalence (E = mc²) · Nuclear reactions: fission and fusion (qualitative)