12–15% of the AP exam. Key topics: Enlightenment ideas: natural rights, social contract, popular sovereignty, religious toleration, American Revolution: colonial grievances, republicanism, influence on subsequent revolutions, French Revolution: causes (fiscal crisis, social hierarchy), phases, Napoleon and export of revolutionary ideals, Haitian Revolution: only successful large-scale slave revolt; Toussaint Louverture; independence 1804, Latin American independence movements: Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín, creole leadership, Industrial Revolution origins in Britain: textile mills, steam engine, coal and iron industries, Factory system and urbanization: working-class formation, child labor, changing family structures, Technological innovations: railroads, steamships, telegraphs and their effects on communication and trade, Nationalism: unification of Germany (1871) and Italy (1871); dissolution pressures on Ottoman and Habsburg empires.
Study guide content for this unit is being prepared. Check back soon for complete lesson notes, formula sheets, and worked examples.
