Key topics: José María Heredia, 'En una tempestad' — Cuban Romantic lyric, the sublime, nature as mirror of interior emotion, Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, 'Rima LIII' — post-Romantic Spanish lyric, brevity, musicality, the evanescence of love, Emilia Pardo Bazán, 'Las medias rojas' — Spanish naturalism, class oppression, gender violence, determinism, Romantic aesthetics: the individual vs. society, nature as sublime force, emotional intensity, Realism and naturalism: social documentation, determinism, critique of patriarchal structures, The rima as lyric form: tonal compression, ambiguity, and musicality in Bécquer, Latin American Romanticism vs. peninsular Romanticism: political and geographic dimensions.
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