12–17% of the AP exam. Key topics: Origins and Influences of Urbanization, Cities Across the World (site vs. situation, world cities), Cities and Globalization (global city hierarchy), Size and Distribution of Cities (rank-size rule, primate city, Christaller's central place theory), Internal Structure of Cities (Concentric Zone, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, Urban Realms models; Latin American, Southeast Asian, African city models), Density and Land Use (bid-rent theory), Infrastructure and suburbanization, Urban Sustainability (smart growth, new urbanism, transit-oriented development), Urban Data (census tracts, GIS applications), Challenges of Urban Change (gentrification, urban sprawl, edge cities), Challenges of Urban Sustainability (food deserts, housing, environmental justice).
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