10–15% of the AP exam. Key topics: Ideological spectrum: conservatism (Burke, Metternich), liberalism (Mill, free trade), nationalism, Concert of Europe and Metternich's conservative order after 1815, The Revolutions of 1848: liberal-nationalist uprisings across Europe, causes, and failures, Conservative nationalism: Bismarck's Realpolitik and German unification (1871), Italian unification (Risorgimento): Cavour, Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel II, Romanticism as a cultural movement: Rousseau's influence, nationalism in art and music, Realism in literature and art: response to Romanticism, social critique, Social Darwinism and its application to imperialism and social policy, New imperialism: European partition of Africa (Berlin Conference), colonization of Asia, Women's suffrage and early feminist movements.
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