21–21% of the AP exam. Key topics: Early Christian and Byzantine art: mosaics, icons, centralized church plans, hierarchical abstraction, Migration period and early medieval art: manuscript illumination, metalwork, interlace ornament, Romanesque architecture and sculpture: barrel vault, thick walls, tympanum programs, pilgrimage churches, Gothic architecture and sculpture: pointed arch, ribbed vault, flying buttress, stained glass, portal programs, Proto-Renaissance and Italian Renaissance: Giotto, perspective, naturalism, humanism, Northern Renaissance: oil painting technique, Flemish masters, domestic subject matter, disguised symbolism, Mannerism and High Renaissance: Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael; formal experimentation, Baroque art in Europe: dramatic light (tenebrism, chiaroscuro), emotional intensity, Counter-Reformation patronage, Spanish Colonial art in the Americas: synthesis of European and Indigenous visual traditions.
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