20–25% of the AP exam. Key topics: World War II: Black servicemen, Double V Campaign, Tuskegee Airmen, desegregation of the military (Executive Order 9981, 1948), Early Civil Rights Movement: Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Montgomery Bus Boycott, sit-ins, Freedom Rides, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Fair Housing Act of 1968, Key organizations: SNCC, CORE, SCLC, NAACP Legal Defense Fund, Black Power Movement: Black Panthers platform and community programs, Black Arts Movement, cultural nationalism, Black feminist thought: Angela Davis, bell hooks, Audre Lorde, Combahee River Collective, intersectionality theory (Kimberlé Crenshaw), African diaspora connections: Pan-Africanism, decolonization movements in Africa and the Caribbean, African American contributions to popular culture: R&B, soul, funk, hip-hop; sports (Muhammad Ali, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, Jackie Robinson); film and television, Science, medicine, and technology contributions: Charles Drew, Daniel Hale Williams, Mae C. Jemison, Katherine Johnson, Afrofuturism as cultural and intellectual framework, Mass incarceration, policing, and criminal justice — contemporary debates, Black Lives Matter movement and contemporary activism (post-2013), Contemporary debates: reparations, affirmative action, representation in media and politics, Key figures: MLK Jr., Malcolm X, Fannie Lou Hamer, Thurgood Marshall, Ella Baker, Angela Davis, Stokely Carmichael, bell hooks, Kimberlé Crenshaw.
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