20–25% of the AP exam. Key topics: Reconstruction era: promise and failure — Black political participation, Freedmen's Bureau, sharecropping, Black Codes, Disenfranchisement mechanisms: Jim Crow laws, poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses, Supreme Court decisions: Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Civil Rights Cases (1883), Anti-Black violence: lynching, convict leasing, racial terrorism — Tulsa Race Massacre (1921), Rosewood (1923), Ida B. Wells and the anti-lynching campaign, Women's leadership: Mary Church Terrell, Anna Julia Cooper, Mary McLeod Bethune, The Great Migration (First Wave, 1910–1940): causes, destinations, urban community formation, The Harlem Renaissance: literature (Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay), visual art (Aaron Douglas, Jacob Lawrence), music (jazz and blues origins), HBCUs, Black Greek organizations (NPHC founding), and the Black press, Marcus Garvey and the UNIA: Pan-Africanism, Black nationalism, Back to Africa movement, Early NAACP and Urban League: legal strategies, anti-lynching campaigns, Key figures: Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Ida B. Wells, Charles Drew.
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